RESUMEN
RESUMEN: La presente revisión bibliográfica describe la efectividad del uso del láser Er:YAG en los últimos 10 años, con el objetivo de esclarecer cuáles han sido sus efectos clínicos, sus efectos microbiológicos, sus efectos físicos y térmicos en la superficie del implante, su efecto en la biocompatibilidad y el tiempo de trabajo requerido. Se efectuó la búsqueda en la base de datos PubMed, seleccionando investigaciones publicadas entre los años 2005 y 2015. Se seleccionaron 14 investigaciones in vitro, un estudio en animales, un reporte de casos, 6 series de casos, 2 estudios clínicos controlados, 4 estudios clínicos controlados aleatorizados y 5 revisiones bibliográficas. La literatura disponible señala que el uso del láser Er:YAG en el tratamiento de la periimplantitis produce una mejoría clínica, expresada en una disminución del sangrado al sondaje, una disminución en la profundidad de sondaje y una ganancia de inserción que se limita a los primeros 6 meses luego del tratamiento. En relación con la descontaminación de la superficie del implante, la mayoría de los estudios reporta una disminución en el número de bacterias adheridas. Para no causar daños físicos y térmicos es necesario utilizar el láser Er:YAG en distintos niveles de energía, de frecuencia y de tiempo de exposición según el tipo de superficie del implante afectado. Respecto a la biocompatibilidad de la superfice existen aún resultados contradictorios. Las investigaciones coinciden en que el tratamiento con láser Er:YAG supone un menor tiempo de trabajo en comparación con terapias convencionales.
ABSTRACT: A literature review is presented on the effectiveness of the use of the erbium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Er:YAG) laser over the past 10 years, with the objective of clarifying its clinical, microbiological, physical, and thermal effects on the implant surface, as well as its effect on the biocompatibility and work time required. A search was conducted in PubMed database, selecting studies published between 2005 and 2015. A total of 14 in vitro studies were selected, including one animal study, one case report, six case series, two controlled clinical trials, four randomised controlled trials, and five literature reviews. The literature shows that the use of Er:YAG laser in the treatment of peri-implantitis leads to a clinical improvement, expressed as a decrease in bleeding on probing, a reduction in probing depth, and a clinical attachment gain, that is limited to the first six months after treatment. As regards decontamination of the implant surface, most studies report a decrease in the number of attached bacteria. To avoid physical and thermal damage, the Er:YAG laser must be used at different energy levels, frequency, and exposure times, according to the type of surface of the implant affected. There are still conflicting results as regards the biocompatibility of the surface. Studies agree that treatment with Er:YAG laser leads to less operating time compared to conventional therapies.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Láseres de Estado Sólido/uso terapéutico , Periimplantitis/terapia , Implantes Dentales/microbiología , Desinfección , Infecciones Relacionadas con Prótesis/terapiaRESUMEN
Terminal deletions on the X chromosome in female patients may be detected as part of a work up for infertility, premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) or in screening for fragile X carrier status. We present the clinical, cytogenetic and molecular features of four patients with terminal deletions of chromosome X that include the FMR1 gene, and discuss biological and genetic implications of this deletion. Providers should be aware of possible identification of Xq27 deletions as a potential outcome of fragile X screening.
Asunto(s)
Deleción Cromosómica , Cromosomas Humanos X/genética , Proteína del Retraso Mental del Síndrome del Cromosoma X Frágil/genética , Adulto , Femenino , Eliminación de Gen , HumanosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: We studied hypophosphatasia (HP) mutations in 19 cases prenatally detected by ultrasonography without familial history of HP. We correlated the mutations with the reported ultrasound signs, and discussed genetic counseling with regard to the particular dominantly inherited prenatal benign form of HP. METHOD: The coding sequence of the tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) gene was analyzed by DNA sequencing, and 3D modeling was used to locate the mutated amino acids with regard to the functional domains of TNSALP. RESULTS: Although reported ultrasound signs were heterogeneous, two mutated alleles were found in 18 of the 19 cases studied, indicating recessive transmission of the disease. Functional domains of TNSALP were affected by 74% of missense mutations. In all the cases, including one with only a heterozygous mutation, molecular, biological, and familial data do not corroborate the hypothesis of prenatal benign HP. The mutation c.1133A>T observed in the prenatal benign form of HP and common in USA was not found in this series. CONCLUSION: The results point out the prenatally detectable allelic heterogeneity of HP. The nature of the detected mutations and the evidence of recessive inheritance do not support these cases being affected with prenatal benign HP.
